Introduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children, characterized by cognitive and behavioral difficulties. Neuroplasticity, as the fundamental mechanism of the brain’s ability to change and adapt, plays a crucial role in improving cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on neuroplasticity and cognitive performance in children with ADHD.

Methodology: This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design included 40 children aged 7 to 12 years diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (undergoing a structured exercise intervention for 8 weeks) and a control group. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Corsi Block-Tapping Test for visual-spatial working memory, neuroplasticity was measured by serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and ADHD symptom severity was evaluated using the Conners’ Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Results: Findings revealed significant improvements in the experimental group in visual-spatial working memory (p < 0.001, η² = 0.71), BDNF levels (p < 0.001, η² = 0.66), and reduction of ADHD symptom severity (p < 0.001, η² = 0.75), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Inferential analyses confirmed the positive and significant effect of exercise on the studied variables.

Conclusion: Regular and targeted exercise can enhance neuroplasticity, improve cognitive function, and reduce ADHD symptoms in children. It is recommended that exercise programs be incorporated as part of therapeutic interventions for this population.